تطور مهنة العازفة خلال العصرَين الكلاسيكي والهيلِّينستي

نوع المستند : المقالة الأصلية

المؤلف

دكتوراة التاريخ اليوناني والروماني، قسم الآثار والدراسات اليونانية والرومانية، كلية الآداب جامعة الإسكندرية، مصر

المستخلص

: لعبت الموسيقى دورًا مهمًا في العديد من جوانب الحياة في بلاد اليونان القديمة، سواء في المناسَبات الاجتماعية اليومية، أو في الطقوس الدينية المختلفة، وغيرها من المناسبات الدينية والمدنية. وتغيرت أنواع الموسيقى وإيقاعاتها وفقًا للحدث الذي شاركت به، سواء كان عملاً مسرحيًا أم حدثًا دينيًا أو اجتماعيًا، وغالبًا ما ساهمت جميع العوامل السابقة في تحديد المكانة الاجتماعية للعازفين الموسيقيين. يتناول هذا البحث تطور مهنة العازفة خلال العصرَين الكلاسيكي والهلينستي؛ وأهمية دور العازفات في الحفلات والمناسَبات الاجتماعية والدينية المختلفة. والعوامل التي أثّرت في المكانة الاجتماعية للنساء اللواتي مارسْنَ تلك المهنة. والعوامل التي أدّت إلى تطور مستوى مهارتهن وعُلوّ مكانتهنّ. ونظرة المجتمع لمهنة العازفة من خلال المصادر الأدبية والنقوش.
 

الكلمات الرئيسية


  • أولا - المصادر الأدبية والنقوش: 

    • Aeschines. Aeschines with an English translation by Charles Darwin Adams, Ph.D. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1919.
    • Appian. The Foreign Wars. Horace White. New York. The Macmillan Company, 1899.
    • Aristophanes. Wasps. The Complete Greek Drama, vol. 2. Eugene O'Neill, Jr. New York. Random House. 1938.
    • Aristotle, Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 20, translated by H. Rackham. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1952.
    • Athenaeus. The Deipnosophists. Or Banquet of The Learned of Athenaeus, London. Henry G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden. 1854.
    • Cassius Dio. Roman History, Loeb Classical Library, 9 volumes, Greek texts and facing English translation: Translation by Earnest Cary, Harvard University Press, 1914.
    • Claudius Aelian, On the nature of animal's book xvii, various history, letters, fragments, Vol 1. Aelian. Rudolf Hercher. In the House of B.G. Teubneri Leipzig 1864.
    • Demosthenes, Demosthenes with an English translation by Norman W. DeWitt, Ph.D., and Norman J. DeWitt, Ph.D. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1949.
    • Diodorus Siculus. Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes with an English Translation by C. H. Oldfather. Vol. 4-8. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989.
    • Dittenberger, W., Friedrich, H. V. Sylloge inscriptionum graecarum. Chicago: Ares., 1999.
    • Isocrates. Isocrates with an English Translation in three volumes, by George Norlin, Ph.D., LL.D. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1980.
    • Plato. Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 9 translated by Harold N. Fowler. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1925.
    • Pliny the Elder. The Natural History. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S. H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. London. Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. 1855.
    • Plutarch, Plutarch's Moralia in Fifteen Volumes, Volume VI, translated by W. C. Helmbold, Harvard University Press, London, 1962.
    • Plutarch, The Parallel Lives, Vol. V of the Loeb Classical Library edition, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917.
    • Plutarch. Plutarch's Lives. with an English Translation by. Bernadotte Perrin. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1916.
    • Xenophon. Xenophon in Seven Volumes, Vol. 4, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA; William Heinemann, Ltd., London. 1979.
    • Xenophon. Xenophontis opera omnia, vol. 1. Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1900.

    ثانيا - المراجع الأجنبية:

    • Aneziri, Sophia. “World Travellers: The Associations of Artists of Dionysus”. In Wandering Poets in Ancient Greek Culture: Travel, Locality and Panhellenism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
    • Bielman, Anne. Femmes en public dans le monde hellénistique : IVe-Ier s. av. J.-C., Sedes, Paris, 2002.
    • Chaniotis, Angelos. “A Few Things Hellenistic Audiences Appreciated in Musical Performances,” in La musa dimenticata. Aspetti dell’esperienza musicale greca in età ellenistica, Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore, 2009.
    • Cinalli, Angela. "Οὐ τὸ νικᾶν ἀλλὰ τὸ εὖ ἀγωνίζεσθαι. Playing to win or to show off? Itinerant artists performing in unconventional ἀγῶνες in some decrees from Delphi third to first century BC”, CHS Research Bulletin 2, no.2 (2014) https://research-bulletin.chs.harvard.edu/2014/07/25/itinerant-artists/
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    • Harmon, Roger. Plato, Aristotle, and Women Musicians. Music & Letters 86 (2005): 351–356.
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    • Lewis, Sian. The Athenian Woman. An Iconographic Handbook, Routledge, London and New York, 2002.
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    • Mayor, Adrienne. The Poison King: the life and legend of Mithradates, Rome’s deadliest enemy, Princeton University Press, 2009.
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    • Rocconi, Eleonora. "Women Players in Ancient Greece: The Context of Symposium and the Socio-Cultural Position of Psaltriai and Auletrides in the Classical World". In Music Archaeology in Contexts: Archaeological Semantics, Historical Implications, Socio-Cultural Connotations, Rahden-Westfalen: Verlag Marie Leidorof GmbH, 2006.
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    • Tarn, w. w., and G. T. Griffith. Hellenistic Civilisation. Arnold, 1952.
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    • Winter, Bruce W. Roman Wives, Roman Widows the Appearance of New Women and the Pauline Communities. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing company, 2003.

    ثالثا - المواقع الاليكترونية:

    http://ancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be/sourceGR/D110GR.html

    http://attalus.org/

    http://www.perseus.tufts.edu

    https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/239889

    https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/239892

    https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/hetairai/hetairai.html

    https://www.britannica.com/topic/hetaira

    https://www.livius.org