Unpublished Cartonnage Mummy-Mask from El-Ashmounin Museum Magazine

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Lecturer, Archaeology Dep. Faculty of Arts, Minia University, Egypt

Abstract

This paper deals with a cartonnage mummy mask that is now preserved in the El-Ashmounin Museum Magazine, in Minia Governorate. This unpublished mummy mask was not studied or included in any studies concerning cartonnage mummy masks. The piece in question is made of linen and painted plaster. The cartonnage consists of a mask and three breast pieces, except for the ruined lower side parts of the mask, the piece is in a good state of preservation. The paper also aims to suggest the provenance of the cartonnage. Based on the features of Egyptian profane art during the Graeco-Roman period, this paper studies the depicted mythological scenes as well as the accompanying inscriptions. The dating of the mask goes back to the Roman era, where the face bears the features of the deceased in terms of the face, eyes, and fringes of hair, and depicted on the funeral mask scenes bearing the Egyptian traditions according to the common Egyptian funerary art style during the Graeco-Roman Period.

Keywords


-          Aubert, Marie-France & Cortopassi. Roberta, Portraits funéraires de l’Égypte romaine 1:Masques en stuc, Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 2004.
 
-          Birch, Samuel & Rhind. Alexander Henry, Facsimiles of two papyri found in a tomb at Thebes. With a translation by: Samuel Birch and an account of their discovery by A. Henry Rhind, London: Roberts & Green, 1863.
-          Brovarski, E., ‘Sokar’, in Helck and Westendorf (eds), LÄ 5: 1060-1064.
-          Brugsch, Heinrich, Henry Rhind's zwei bilingue Papyri. Hieratisch und demotisch, Leipzig: Hinrichs’sche  Buchhandlung, 1865.
-          Daoud, Khaled, Corpus of Inscriptions of the Herakleopolitan Period from the Memphite Necropolis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
-          Edgar, Campbell, Greco-Egyptian Coffins, masks and portraits, CGC nos: 33101-33285, Le Caire: Imprimerie de l`institut Francais d`archeologie Orintale, 1905.
-          Enany, Abir, “A Corn-Mummy from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo”, Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality, vol. 15, Especial part, (December 2018): 52-62
-          Gabra, Sami & Étienne Drioton, Peinture a Fresque et Scenes Peintes a Hermopolis Ouest (Touna El- Gebel), Le Caire: Service des Antiquites de l`Egypte, 1954.
-          Griffiths, John, "Eight funerary paintings with judgment scenes in the Swansea Wellcome Museum." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 68, (1982): 228-252.
-          Grimm, Günter, Die Römischen Mumiemasken aus Ägypten, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag Gembh, 1974.
-          Meeks, Dimitry, “Dieu masque, dieu sans tete”, Archeo-Nil. No.1, (May 1991): 5-15.
-          Möller, Georg, Die beiden Totenpapyrus Rhind des Museums zu Edinburg Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1913.
-                     Müller, Asja, "Provenancing Roman Period Mummy Masks: Workshop Groups and Distribution Areas", Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference of Egyptologists, Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2015: 127–145.
-          Nils, Billing, Nut, the goddess of life: in text and iconography, Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2002.
-          Ogden, J. M., Gold Jewellery in Ptolemaic, Roman and ByzantineEgypt, Durham, unpublished Ph.D Thesis, 1990.
-          Parlasca, Klaus., Mumienporträts und verwandte Denkmäler, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag Gembh, 1966.
-          Riggs, Christina, The beautiful burial in Roman Egypt, Art, identity and funerary religion, Oxford; New York: Oxford university press, 2005.
-          Smith, Mark, Traversing Eternity: Texts for the Afterlife from Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
-          Smith, Mark, Following Osiris: Perspectives on the Osirian Afterlife from Four Millennia, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
-          Stadler, Martin Andreas, Ägyptische Mumienmasken in Würzburg, Würzburg, Reichert, 2004.
-          Taylor, John, the Development of Cartonnage Cases, in Mummy and Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt, Boston: Museum of fine arts, 1992, 166-171.
-          Taylor, John, Death and the Afterlife in ancient Egypt, London: British museum press, 2001.
-          Taylor, John, ‘Changes in the Afterlife’, ed. W. Wendrich, Egyptian Archaeology, Oxford: Chichester and Malden, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
-          Venit, Marjorie Susan, Visualizing the afterlife in the tombs of Graeco-Roman Egypt, New York: Cambridge University press, 2016.