Complaints of the Obligors in Egypt during the Ptolemaic Era

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Lecturer of Greaco-Roman History, Faculty of Arts - Fayoum University, Egypt

Abstract

The Ptolemaic kings adopted the principle of monopoly in many economic transactions, and sold many goods to obligors in public auctions for the highest price, However, these obligors were subjected to some attacks by the population, Therefore, they submitted complaints to government officials to recover their rights. This study deals with the complaints of the adherents during the Ptolemaic era, in terms of form, and the areas covered by these complaints such as oil, beer, tax collection, hunting wild birds, selling royal paper, leather, linen, clothing trade, and meat trade. The study then deals with the state's position to these complaints, whether through the enactment of laws or the identification of officials specialized in receiving and deciding on complaints, and the penalties imposed on the aggressors. Finally, it also handles the social and the economic dimensions of these complaints, and the effects they reflect on the state and the individuals.

Keywords


  • أولًا- البردي:

    • Checklist of editions of Greek, Latin, Demotic and Coptic Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets.

                   https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/scriptorium/papyrus/texts/clist.html

     

    ثانيًا- المراجع الأجنبية:

    • Baetens, Gert, A Survey of Petitions and Related Documents from Ptolemaic Egypt, Leuven: Trismegistos, 2020.
    • Bauschatz, John, "Three Duke Petitions", ZPE 152(2005): 187-196.
    • Bonneau, Danielle, "Le sacrifice du porc et Liloïtion en Pachôn", CdE 66(1991): 330-340.
    • Browne, Gerald, "P. Hibeh 133: A Reconsideration", BASP  3, no. 4(1966): 85-88.
    • Crawford, Dorothy, Kerkeosiris: An Egyptian Village in the Ptolemaic Period Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
    • Di Bitonto,  Anna, "Le petizioni ai funzionari nel periodo tolemaico: Studio Sul Formulario", Aegyptus 48, no. 1/4(1968): 53-107.
    • Farah, Aboulyosr, "Οἱ παρὰ τοῦ οἰκονόμον in Ptolemaic Egypt", BCPS 4, Issue 1(1987): 91-106.
    • Harrauer, Hermann and Worp, Klaas, "Mord und Schmuggel in Oxyrhyncha", ZPE 40(1980): 139-142.
    • Heichelheim, Fritz, "Monopole", RE 16, 1(1933): 147-199.
    • Hombert, Marcel, "Quelques papyrus des collections de Gand et de Paris", RBPH 4(1924): 633-676.
    • Láda, Csaba, "Amphilochios Papathomas: Enteuxis Concerning Illegal Sale of Cedria", Tyche 30(2015): 81-91.
    • McGing, Brian , "Illegal salt in the Lycopolite nome", AfP 48/1(2002): 42-66.
    • Mitthof, Fritz, "Das Lebensnotwendige: Grundnahrungsmittel, Rationen und Preise", in: Harald Froschauer and Cornelia Römer (eds.), Mit den Griechen zu Tisch in Ägypten, Vienna: Phoibos, 2006.
    • Préaux , Claire, L’économie  royale  des  Lagides,  Brussels: Édition de la Fondation égyptologique reine Élisabeth,  1939.
    • Qandeil, Haytham Alsayed, The Role of The Epimeletes in The Ptolemaic Administration, PhD, Ain Shams University, 2021.
    • Rostovtzeff , Michael, The  Social  and  Economic  History  of  the  Hellenistic  World,  Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1941.
    • Sijpesteijn, Pieter, "Ptolemaic Papyri in the Collection of the Erasmus University", ZPE 40(1980): 123-124.
    • Taubenschlag, Rafal, The Law of Greco-Roman Egypt in The Light of The Papyri, Warszawa: Herald Square Press, 1955.
    • White, John Lee, The Form and Structure of the Official Petition, Missoula: Society of Biblical Literature, 1972.

     

    ثالثًا-  المراجع العربية:

    • إبراهيم نصحي، تاريخ مصر في عصر البطالمة، ج3، القاهرة: مكتبة الأنجلو المصرية، 1988.

    Ībrāhym Nuṣḥy, tārykh miṣr fy  ̒aṣr al-bṭālimah, j3, Al-qāhirah: Maktabat al-Ānjilw al-Miṣrīyah, al-ṭab ̒ah al-sābi ̒ah, 1998.

    • أبو اليسر عبد العظيم فرح، مهام "الأيكونوموس" عامل المالية فى مصر فى عهد البطالمة: دراسة وثائقية، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، كلية الآداب جامعة عين شمس، 1980.

    Abū al-ysr Farah, mahām "el-aykwnwmws"  ̒āmil elmāliah fy ̒ miṣr fy ̒  ̒āhd al-bṭālimah, dirash wtha'iqyh, risālit mājs'tir ghair mnšhūrh, Kullīyat al-Ādāb, jāmi ̒aẗ   ̒ayn shams, 1980.

    • رضا عبد الجواد رسلان، "الخنازير فى مصر البطلمية والرومانية فى ضوء الوثائق البردية"، مجلة كلية الآداب  جامعة المنصورة ، العدد 21(أغسطس 1997): 293-318.

    Riḍā  ̒abd el-jawād Raslān, "al-khanāzir fy ̒ miṣr el-baṭlamih wa al-rūmānīh fy ̒ ḍūʾ al-ūthāʾiq al-brdīh", mjlẗ Kullīyat al-Ādāb jāmi ̒aẗ el-manṣwrah, al-ʿdd 21(aghasṭs 1997): 293-318.

    • السيد رشدي محمد ياسين، الصيد في مصر في العصرين البطلمي والروماني،  رسالة دكتوراة غير منشورة، كلية الآداب جامعة الأسكندرية، 1994.

    El-Said Rwshdī Muḥammad Yāsin, el-ṣayd fy ̒ miṣr fy ̒ al-ʿṣrīn al-īūnānī wālrūmānī, risālit mājs'tir ghair mnšhūrh, Kullīyat al-Ādāb, jāmi ̒aẗ  al-āsqandarih, 1994.

     

    • محمد السيد عبد الغني، "أدب المقاومة المصري ضد الاحتلال الأجنبي في العصرين البطلمي والروماني"، مجلة كلية الآداب جامعة الأسكندرية، العدد 103(2020): 1-41.

    Muḥammad El-Said  ̒abd el-ghanī, "adab el-mwqāūmh el-miṣrī ḍed al-ehtilāl al-ajnabī miṣr fy ̒ al-ʿṣrīn al-īūnānī wālrūmānī", mjlẗ Kullīyat al-Ādāb jāmi ̒aẗ  al-āsqandarih, al-ʿdd 103(2020): 1-40.

    • محمد عواد حسين، حركات المقاومة الوطنية في مصر البطلمية، القاهرة، شركة فن للطباعة، 1949.

    Muḥammad  ̒awād ḥwsyn, ḥarakāt al-mwqāwmh al-wṭaniah fy ̒ miṣr el-baṭlamih, Al-qāhirah: shrk't fn llṭbā  ̒ah, 1949.